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BGA Reballing & Reflow
When working with some repairs, it might be necessary to remove/replace a chip that has a ball grid array (BGA). TODO Gu...
Logic Chip Families
A great reference for the differences in the 74x logic family of chips and their different types is below. The full arti...
Byte Swapping (BIOS Files)
A common requirement when programming EEPROM BIOS chips is if the console requires the bytes to be swapped. Let's use a ...
Digital Logic Levels
A less well-known fact about most digital circuits is their expected driving levels. That is, the level of voltage you a...
Mic / Line Audio Levels
Similar to video standards it is also important to understand audio standards. Unlike older composite and RGB video sign...
Video Standards
With the huge array of video standards back in the early days, and the loss of specifications and accurate information, ...